PEN Americaが2025年3月28日に公開したレポート「Exploring How to Build Community-Level Resilience Against Disinformation」は、偽情報に対して“信頼できる人との対話”を起点にしたアプローチを紹介している。AIによる自動生成コンテンツが普及し、プラットフォームの対応も後退するなかで、制度やメディアの外側にある「関係性」そのものに着目している点が特徴だ。
本レポートは2022年から2024年にかけて、マイアミ、ダラス–フォートワース、フェニックスの3都市で行われた実践を中心に構成されている。背景にあるのは、米国社会における政治的分断、制度不信、ソーシャルメディアを介した過激化の進行、そして2024年大統領選挙に向けて拡散した偽情報の数々である。だが、報告書が焦点を当てるのは「何が流れたか」ではなく、それに「誰がどう向き合ったか」のほうだ。
「ニュースを見るのが疲れる」という人に、どう話すか
たとえば、ダラス–フォートワース地域でワークショップに参加した女性、バーバラ・ジェームズは、選挙をめぐる会話が増える中で、ある友人の存在が気になっていた。その友人は、いつも同じニュースチャンネルばかりを見ており、「どうせメディアなんて全部偏ってる」と話すようになっていた。
ワークショップで「trusted messenger」としてのトレーニングを受けたジェームズは、その友人にある日こう声をかけた。
「一緒に、別のチャンネルのニュースも見てみない？ どこがどう違うのか比べるの、ちょっとおもしろいと思うんだよね」
この提案は、意見の押しつけではなく、好奇心を共有する形で行われた。ふたりは実際に数日間、異なるニュースチャンネルを一緒に視聴し、話し合いをするようになったという。ジェームズは「自分が説得したんじゃない。情報を比べるという行為を、一緒にやってみただけ」と振り返っている。
「学校で何を教えているのか」という疑念と向き合う
マイアミでは、公教育をめぐる偽情報が広まっていた。「ジェンダー教育が強制されている」「特定の歴史が削除されている」といった話がSNS上で共有され、それを真に受ける保護者や地域住民も多かった。
教育者であり、地方議会選に出馬していたジャクリーン・ギルは、そうした話題を信じる同僚に対し、あえてすぐには否定せず、「それ、どこで見たの？」と質問から入った。
同僚は、「Facebookで見た動画」と答えたが、どの団体が発信元かは覚えていなかった。ギルはその情報を一緒に調べ、「これは州の方針でも、学校の実際の授業でもない」と説明しつつ、**「なんでこういう話が出てくるんだと思う？」**と、さらに別の問いを投げた。
その後、同僚からは「これ、また出回ってたけど、どう思う？」と自発的な問い合わせが届くようになった。ギルは「相手の意見を変えたんじゃなくて、“何かを一緒に調べる相手”になれたことが大きい」と語っている。
WhatsAppのカフェ会話で、疑問を口にする訓練を
フェニックスでは、Conecta Arizonaと連携し、スペイン語話者向けにWhatsApp上での「cafecito（カフェシート）」が定着している。これは、毎朝のように数十人が集まるチャット形式のニュース対話の場で、参加者は自分の疑問や見かけた情報について自由に書き込み、他の住民や専門家が応答する。
ある朝には「州知事が投票IDを廃止する」というチェーンメッセージが話題になった。そこでは実際の選挙管理局の情報が共有され、「IDが必要なのはどの場面か」「なぜそう誤解されやすいか」といった点が整理された。
この場では、「わからない」「気になる」と言っても咎められない空気が維持されており、質問の多さそのものがリテラシーの高さを示す構造になっている。PEN Americaはこの形式に注目し、他地域での応用可能性も検討している。
偽情報対策を「誰と話すか」の問題に戻す
PEN Americaの本レポートは、従来の偽情報対策が重視してきた「情報の正誤」や「プラットフォーム上の制御」といった手法とは異なる、関係性を基盤とした介入モデルを提示している。政治的・制度的対応が困難な局面が増える中、日常的な信頼関係の中で、情報摂取や判断の前提を揺らすことが可能であるという前提に立ち、具体的な支援策を展開した点は注目に値する。
偽情報の流通経路を断つのではなく、それを受け取る側の態度や習慣に働きかけるアプローチとして、本レポートは実践知とともに貴重な素材を提供している。
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