欧州偽情報対策の巨大構造を可視化する──LIBER『The Censorship Network』完全分析

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 欧州における偽情報対策は NetzDG、DSA、州メディア監督、治安、外交、国際安全保障、民間分析機関、教育、教材、技術開発、BigTech 資金など複数領域に分散して存在する。しかし、LIBER『The Censorship Network: Regulation and Repression in Germany Today』(2025年11月)が示した核心は、それらが独立した政策領域ではなく、中央から周縁まで連鎖した“多層システム”を構成しているという認識である。著者 Lyndon K. Allin は批判的立場ではあるものの、記述の基盤は主張ではなく、一次資料(法制度、予算、監督機関、教材、助成、国際分類体系、技術プロジェクト)の接続線である。本稿は思想の是非ではなく、このレポートが可視化した“接続の構造”を専門家向けに再構築する。

中枢:NetzDG→DSA→国家監督→治安→外交→国際安全保障へ連鎖する中央構造

 中枢の起点は NetzDG(2017)で、違法コンテンツの迅速削除義務を SNSに課し、2018年の風刺アカウント削除(Reuters)を契機に“削除の過剰可能性”が議論された。EUはこれを DSA(2024)で統合し、ドイツでは BNetzA が Digital Services Coordinator として、透明性報告・リスク評価・アルゴリズム監査を国家とEUの二層で監督する。レポートが見せるのは、ここから“上方向(外交・安全保障)”と“下方向(治安)”に制度が接続していく構造である。治安領域では、侮辱ミームによる家宅捜索とデバイス押収が行われ(CBS “60 Minutes”, 2025)、オンライン言論が刑事実務へ吸収されている。BfV は外国影響工作と極端主義を監視し、偽情報分類と治安インテリジェンスが重なる領域を形成する。外交・国際連携では外務省(AA)の Hybrid Threats 部局が NATO StratCom COE・EUvsDisinfo(East StratCom)と分類体系(narrative taxonomy)を共有し、“pro-Kremlin narratives” の定義が欧州全体のリスク評価基盤となる。さらに EU 制裁が個人ジャーナリスト(Alina Lipp, Thomas Röper, Hüseyin Dogru)にまで適用され、個人言論の国際的制裁対象化という例外的現象が生じる。これらは NetzDG から始まる規制法が、国家監督、治安、外交、安全保障へと連鎖し、中枢全体が偽情報対策の一体構造として作動していることを示す。

中枢を構成する主なアクター(分類)

  • BNetzA:DSCとして透明性報告・リスク評価・アルゴリズム監督を実施し、EU規制の国内中枢として機能する。
  • BKA:侮辱ミーム投稿者への家宅捜索により、オンライン言論が治安執行に直接接続される。
  • BfV:外国影響工作・極端主義の監視を通じて、偽情報分類と治安情報を統合する。
  • 外務省 Hybrid Threats:NATO StratCom・EUvsDisinfo と分類体系を共有し、偽情報対策を外交・国際安全保障の文脈に接続する。
  • EUvsDisinfo:pro-Kremlin narratives の分類体系を提供し、欧州全体のリスク評価の骨格を形成する。
  • EU 制裁体制:個人ジャーナリストに制裁を適用し、政治ナラティブが国際法的措置の判断対象になる例外事例を作る。

水平層:MStV・州メディア監督・教育行政・教材が構造的に結合する“社会的基盤層”

 レポートが最も興味深いのは、偽情報対策が法制度だけでなく、教育・監督・教材政策まで“制度化された社会層”として広がっている点である。2020年の MStV はオンラインの“ジャーナリズム的行為”監督権限を州メディア監督局に与え、総額1.62億ユーロで運用される巨大制度となった。KJM(未成年者保護委員会)は危険情報の審査基準を形成し、教育基準と実務的に連動する。ここに州政治教育センター(Landeszentrale für politische Bildung)が結びつくことで、教育行政が監督と制度的に隣接する構造が形成される。連邦レベルでは bpb が Year of News / Newscamps を全国16州で運営し、BMI が100万ユーロ、Brost Stiftung が19.5万ユーロを拠出する。教材“Medien in die Schule”は FSM と Google Germany の関与により以下の4モジュールを整備し、分類体系が制度・実務のものと一致する。

  • Fake News:偽情報判定の基本軸として、誤情報と誤解誘発の境界を扱う。
  • Hate Speech:削除義務の中心領域として、公共空間に許容される言論の境界を扱う。
  • Antisemitismus:欧州法体系における最も敏感なヘイト領域として、評価基準が厳格化される。
  • Verschwörungserzählungen:陰謀論分類を通じて、極端思考・脱民主主義的ナラティブを識別する。

 教材レベルで偽情報分類体系が制度と整合している点に、欧州型対策の“深く静かな浸透”がある。これは日本には存在しない構造であり、レポートの強みはこの社会的基盤層を具体的に描いた点にある。

民間インフラの“準公的化”:Correctiv・ISD・Moonshot が制度の実働を担う

 偽情報対策を制度論だけで分析すると見落とされるのが、民間NPOが制度の実働機能として組み込まれている点である。Correctiv は dpa-infocom とファクトチェックを提供し、SNS の削除判断やニュース表示最適化の基盤になる。ISD は極端主義・偽情報のナラティブ分析を行い、政府・EUが採用する分類体系の主要提供者として働く。Moonshot は redirect method による検索誘導型介入を通じて、暴力防止と偽情報対策の交差点に位置づけられる。さらに Jugendschutz は Telegram 監視や青少年保護プロジェクトを行い880万ユーロ、Amadeu Antonio Foundation は累計300万ユーロ以上の助成を受ける。技術開発層では RUBIN(900万ユーロ)、VERITAS(200万ユーロ)、HybriD(200万ユーロ)が極端主義検出モデル・ナラティブ分析モデルの研究を行う。これら民間組織は、制度の外に位置づけられながら、実務は制度の中核に吸収されており、レポートはこの“準公的化”を構造として描き出している。

民間インフラの主要機能(分類)

  • Correctiv:ファクトチェックを通じて削除判断・ニュース配信最適化の基盤を提供する。
  • ISD:極端主義・偽情報ナラティブの分類を政府・EUに提供し、脅威分類の中心的役割を担う。
  • Moonshot:検索行動介入(redirect method)を通じて暴力防止・偽情報対策を統合する。
  • Jugendschutz:Telegram監視など、青少年保護と極端主義対策を接続する。
  • Amadeu Antonio Foundation:ヘイト対策領域の社会事業を担い、制度の基盤層を支える。
  • RUBIN / VERITAS / HybriD:技術開発としてナラティブ分類・信頼度推定の研究を制度に供給する。

Trusted Flaggers と BigTech:制度内部の“指定民間”と外側からの“資金補強”

 DSA の中核である Trusted Flaggers(優先通報者制度)は、国家が指定した通報団体をSNSが優先処理する仕組みで、民間組織が制度上の“権限”を持つ点に特徴がある。ドイツでは以下の団体が指定されている。

  • HateAid(2025年6月認定):オンライン被害支援を通じて削除通報の優先権を持つ。
  • REspect!(2024年10月認定):ヘイト対策領域の通報機能を提供し、制度判断に接続する。
  • Verbraucherzentrale Bundesverband:消費者保護の立場から通報権限を持つ。
  • Bundesverband Onlinehandel:オンライン取引領域での通報基盤を担う。

 ここに BigTech の資金が外側から接続する。Google は ISD、Correctiv、EMIF に数百万ドル規模を提供し、Meta は OCCI を通じて Amadeu Antonio を支援し、TikTok は AFP・dpa とファクトチェック契約を結ぶ。制度内部には国家指定の民間通報者、外側にはプラットフォームが選ぶ民間支援先が存在し、内外が二重に制度運用を補強する構造となっている。

まとめ:偽情報対策を個別制度で理解する時代は終わった──LIBERレポートが描いたのは“全体としての装置”である

 LIBER『The Censorship Network』が可視化したのは、偽情報対策が NetzDG/DSA から始まり、BNetzA、BKA、BfV、外務省 Hybrid Threats、NATO StratCom、州メディア監督、教育行政、教材、民間分析、技術開発、Trusted Flaggers、BigTech に至るまで、多層の制度が縦横に結びついた“巨大装置”として作動しているという事実である。これは陰謀論ではなく、制度文書・予算・認定団体・国際協力・教材・技術プロジェクトという公開情報で再構築される構造であり、欧州偽情報対策を理解するための最も重要な視点のひとつである。偽情報対策を“規制”や“教育”として語るだけでは実態に届かない。

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