2024年のインドネシア大統領選挙では、従来のフェイクニュースとは異なる形で、ナラティブ操作や情報のエンタメ化が有権者の意識に影響を与えた。2024年12月にリリースされたEngageMediaのレポート「The Political Economy of Fact-Checking in Indonesia: Understanding the Landscape, Expanding upon Criticism, Overcoming Challenges, and Ensuring Long-Term Sustainability」は、ファクトチェックの役割と限界、プラットフォームの責任、選挙戦での情報環境の変化について詳しく分析している。本記事では、レポートの内容を要約し、インドネシアの事例が示唆する偽情報対策の課題を整理する。
1. 2024年インドネシア大統領選における情報操作の特徴
レポートでは、2024年の大統領選では、従来のフェイクニュースとは異なるアプローチが多用されたことが指摘されている。
(1) 過去の選挙との違い
- 2019年選挙：宗教対立やイデオロギーを利用したディスインフォメーション
- 候補者に対する宗教的・民族的攻撃（例：「中国人労働者の流入」「インドネシア共産党の影響」）が拡散された。
- 2024年選挙：「エンタメ型ナラティブ操作」
- AIを活用したミームやバイラルコンテンツが拡散され、候補者のイメージ作りに利用された。
- 政策論争よりも「感情的なつながり」を重視する戦略が主流になった。
(2) 代表的な情報操作の事例
- 「Joget Gemoy」キャンペーン
- AI生成コンテンツを活用し、プラボウォ候補を「親しみやすいリーダー」として演出。
- TikTokやインフルエンサーを通じて拡散され、若年層に強い影響を与えた。
- 政府による選挙介入の可能性
- ジョコ・ウィドド政権がプラボウォ候補を支援する形で、地方自治体や公務員に圧力をかけた疑惑が指摘されている。
- 選挙期間中のフェイクニュースの減少とナラティブ操作の増加
- 過去のような明確なフェイクニュースよりも、「真実と誤解を巧妙に織り交ぜたナラティブ」が選挙戦に影響を与えた。
2. ファクトチェックの限界と新たな課題
レポートでは、ファクトチェックが選挙戦の情報操作に十分対応できていないことが指摘されている。
(1) ファクトチェックの持続可能性の問題
- ファクトチェック団体の多くがSNSプラットフォーム（Metaなど）からの資金提供に依存
- 独立性を維持しつつ、資金を確保することが難しい。
- ジャーナリストの労働環境の悪化
- 一部のファクトチェッカーは最低賃金に近い報酬で働いており、継続的な取り組みが難しい。
(2) ナラティブ操作への対応の難しさ
- ファクトチェックは「真偽の判定」には有効だが、「ナラティブの形成」に対しては無力
- 例：「Joget Gemoy」はフェイクニュースではなく、候補者の印象操作に関わるナラティブだったため、ファクトチェックの対象にならなかった。
- 誤情報の削除ではなく、「情報フレーミング」の影響を可視化する仕組みが必要
3. プラットフォームの役割と課題
SNSプラットフォームが選挙戦の情報操作に果たした役割も、レポートでは大きく取り上げられている。
(1) TikTokのアルゴリズムと拡散の仕組み
- バイラルコンテンツがアルゴリズムによって拡散されやすくなっている
- 政策議論よりも、視覚的に魅力的なコンテンツ（ミームや短い動画）が拡散しやすい。
- プラットフォーム側の規制は限定的
- AI生成コンテンツに対する明確な規制がないため、政治的な影響を与えるコンテンツの監視が不十分。
(2) プラットフォームに求められる対策
- 政治広告とインフルエンサー利用の透明性を高める
- 候補者がインフルエンサーに資金を提供した場合、スポンサー情報を開示するルールを導入。
- 選挙期間中のアルゴリズム監査を強化
- 特定の候補者やナラティブが不自然に拡散されていないかを監視する。
4. レポートが提案する対策
レポートでは、従来の誤情報対策だけでは不十分であり、選挙戦の情報環境全体を改善する必要があるとされている。
(1) ファクトチェックの新しい役割
- 「真偽判定」だけでなく、「ナラティブの可視化」に取り組むべき
- どのようなナラティブが形成され、どのように拡散されているのかを追跡する仕組みを強化。
- リアルタイム・ファクトチェックの導入
- 選挙戦の最中に、主要なナラティブがどのように変化しているのかを分析・報道する。
(2) 有権者のメディア・リテラシー向上
- エンタメ化する選挙の影響を市民に周知
- TikTokなどのSNSが政治の議論の枠組みをどう変えているのかを教育する。
- 選挙期間中の「Pre-bunking（事前対策）」の強化
- 過去の選挙で広まったナラティブを事前に警告し、影響を最小化する。
まとめ
レポートは、2024年のインドネシア大統領選における情報操作の新たな形態を示しており、従来のフェイクニュース対策だけでは対応できない課題が浮かび上がっている。
特に、
- エンタメ化する選挙戦が、有権者の政治的判断に影響を与えていること
- ファクトチェックは必要だが、ナラティブ操作への対応が課題であること
- プラットフォームのアルゴリズムが情報環境に与える影響を監視する必要があること
といった点が重要である。他国でも同様の情報操作手法が使われる可能性があり、ナラティブ分析やプラットフォーム規制のあり方について、引き続き議論が求められる。
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